1 00:00:38,879 --> 00:00:42,470 since the first airplane flight in 1903 2 00:00:42,470 --> 00:00:42,480 since the first airplane flight in 1903 3 00:00:42,480 --> 00:00:44,869 since the first airplane flight in 1903 flying in winter has been a problem 4 00:00:44,869 --> 00:00:44,879 flying in winter has been a problem 5 00:00:44,879 --> 00:00:47,190 flying in winter has been a problem because of dangerous situations created 6 00:00:47,190 --> 00:00:47,200 because of dangerous situations created 7 00:00:47,200 --> 00:00:50,549 because of dangerous situations created by ice formations on aircraft 8 00:00:50,549 --> 00:00:50,559 by ice formations on aircraft 9 00:00:50,559 --> 00:00:53,750 by ice formations on aircraft during the 1920s and 30s when aviation 10 00:00:53,750 --> 00:00:53,760 during the 1920s and 30s when aviation 11 00:00:53,760 --> 00:00:56,630 during the 1920s and 30s when aviation was still in its infancy the limitations 12 00:00:56,630 --> 00:00:56,640 was still in its infancy the limitations 13 00:00:56,640 --> 00:00:59,189 was still in its infancy the limitations of winter flying were very apparent 14 00:00:59,189 --> 00:00:59,199 of winter flying were very apparent 15 00:00:59,199 --> 00:01:01,510 of winter flying were very apparent one example was the attempt to establish 16 00:01:01,510 --> 00:01:01,520 one example was the attempt to establish 17 00:01:01,520 --> 00:01:03,590 one example was the attempt to establish transatlantic routes between the united 18 00:01:03,590 --> 00:01:03,600 transatlantic routes between the united 19 00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:05,270 transatlantic routes between the united states and europe over the north 20 00:01:05,270 --> 00:01:05,280 states and europe over the north 21 00:01:05,280 --> 00:01:07,670 states and europe over the north atlantic which were considered much too 22 00:01:07,670 --> 00:01:07,680 atlantic which were considered much too 23 00:01:07,680 --> 00:01:09,910 atlantic which were considered much too dangerous to fly 24 00:01:09,910 --> 00:01:09,920 dangerous to fly 25 00:01:09,920 --> 00:01:12,149 dangerous to fly during the second world war more than 26 00:01:12,149 --> 00:01:12,159 during the second world war more than 27 00:01:12,159 --> 00:01:15,990 during the second world war more than 100 c-46 aircraft were lost while flying 28 00:01:15,990 --> 00:01:16,000 100 c-46 aircraft were lost while flying 29 00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:18,230 100 c-46 aircraft were lost while flying over the himalayas between india and 30 00:01:18,230 --> 00:01:18,240 over the himalayas between india and 31 00:01:18,240 --> 00:01:19,350 over the himalayas between india and china 32 00:01:19,350 --> 00:01:19,360 china 33 00:01:19,360 --> 00:01:21,990 china this route was known as the hump 34 00:01:21,990 --> 00:01:22,000 this route was known as the hump 35 00:01:22,000 --> 00:01:23,910 this route was known as the hump responding to this need the national 36 00:01:23,910 --> 00:01:23,920 responding to this need the national 37 00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:27,670 responding to this need the national advisory committee for aeronautics naca 38 00:01:27,670 --> 00:01:27,680 advisory committee for aeronautics naca 39 00:01:27,680 --> 00:01:30,550 advisory committee for aeronautics naca directed that an icing research tunnel 40 00:01:30,550 --> 00:01:30,560 directed that an icing research tunnel 41 00:01:30,560 --> 00:01:32,950 directed that an icing research tunnel be constructed at the aircraft engine 42 00:01:32,950 --> 00:01:32,960 be constructed at the aircraft engine 43 00:01:32,960 --> 00:01:35,590 be constructed at the aircraft engine research laboratory which was the former 44 00:01:35,590 --> 00:01:35,600 research laboratory which was the former 45 00:01:35,600 --> 00:01:38,469 research laboratory which was the former name of the lewis research center 46 00:01:38,469 --> 00:01:38,479 name of the lewis research center 47 00:01:38,479 --> 00:01:40,950 name of the lewis research center the icing research tunnel was designed 48 00:01:40,950 --> 00:01:40,960 the icing research tunnel was designed 49 00:01:40,960 --> 00:01:43,749 the icing research tunnel was designed and constructed from 1942 50 00:01:43,749 --> 00:01:43,759 and constructed from 1942 51 00:01:43,759 --> 00:01:47,109 and constructed from 1942 to 1944 for six hundred seventy thousand 52 00:01:47,109 --> 00:01:47,119 to 1944 for six hundred seventy thousand 53 00:01:47,119 --> 00:01:48,469 to 1944 for six hundred seventy thousand dollars 54 00:01:48,469 --> 00:01:48,479 dollars 55 00:01:48,479 --> 00:01:51,630 dollars the first icing test was run on june 9th 56 00:01:51,630 --> 00:01:51,640 the first icing test was run on june 9th 57 00:01:51,640 --> 00:01:53,510 the first icing test was run on june 9th 1944 58 00:01:53,510 --> 00:01:53,520 1944 59 00:01:53,520 --> 00:01:56,469 1944 the icing research within naca first 60 00:01:56,469 --> 00:01:56,479 the icing research within naca first 61 00:01:56,479 --> 00:01:59,749 the icing research within naca first started in the 1920s at langley research 62 00:01:59,749 --> 00:01:59,759 started in the 1920s at langley research 63 00:01:59,759 --> 00:02:01,910 started in the 1920s at langley research center in virginia 64 00:02:01,910 --> 00:02:01,920 center in virginia 65 00:02:01,920 --> 00:02:04,149 center in virginia icing research was also conducted at 66 00:02:04,149 --> 00:02:04,159 icing research was also conducted at 67 00:02:04,159 --> 00:02:07,350 icing research was also conducted at ames research center in california prior 68 00:02:07,350 --> 00:02:07,360 ames research center in california prior 69 00:02:07,360 --> 00:02:10,229 ames research center in california prior to the research at lewis research center 70 00:02:10,229 --> 00:02:10,239 to the research at lewis research center 71 00:02:10,239 --> 00:02:12,630 to the research at lewis research center in the 1940s 72 00:02:12,630 --> 00:02:12,640 in the 1940s 73 00:02:12,640 --> 00:02:15,990 in the 1940s soon naca turned to nasa 74 00:02:15,990 --> 00:02:16,000 soon naca turned to nasa 75 00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:18,790 soon naca turned to nasa and their attention from aeronautics to 76 00:02:18,790 --> 00:02:18,800 and their attention from aeronautics to 77 00:02:18,800 --> 00:02:20,070 and their attention from aeronautics to space 78 00:02:20,070 --> 00:02:20,080 space 79 00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:22,150 space the icing technology developed through 80 00:02:22,150 --> 00:02:22,160 the icing technology developed through 81 00:02:22,160 --> 00:02:26,150 the icing technology developed through the 40s and 50s at naca nasa formed the 82 00:02:26,150 --> 00:02:26,160 the 40s and 50s at naca nasa formed the 83 00:02:26,160 --> 00:02:28,869 the 40s and 50s at naca nasa formed the basis of what the u.s aircraft industry 84 00:02:28,869 --> 00:02:28,879 basis of what the u.s aircraft industry 85 00:02:28,879 --> 00:02:32,949 basis of what the u.s aircraft industry used to solve various icing problems 86 00:02:32,949 --> 00:02:32,959 used to solve various icing problems 87 00:02:32,959 --> 00:02:35,830 used to solve various icing problems dr joe shaw deputy chief for applied 88 00:02:35,830 --> 00:02:35,840 dr joe shaw deputy chief for applied 89 00:02:35,840 --> 00:02:38,229 dr joe shaw deputy chief for applied dynamics at the nasa lewis research 90 00:02:38,229 --> 00:02:38,239 dynamics at the nasa lewis research 91 00:02:38,239 --> 00:02:39,190 dynamics at the nasa lewis research center 92 00:02:39,190 --> 00:02:39,200 center 93 00:02:39,200 --> 00:02:43,430 center explains the icing research program 94 00:02:43,430 --> 00:02:43,440 explains the icing research program 95 00:02:43,440 --> 00:02:46,229 explains the icing research program the icing research program at lewis was 96 00:02:46,229 --> 00:02:46,239 the icing research program at lewis was 97 00:02:46,239 --> 00:02:49,350 the icing research program at lewis was begun in the early forties it was felt 98 00:02:49,350 --> 00:02:49,360 begun in the early forties it was felt 99 00:02:49,360 --> 00:02:51,190 begun in the early forties it was felt that an icing research activity 100 00:02:51,190 --> 00:02:51,200 that an icing research activity 101 00:02:51,200 --> 00:02:52,390 that an icing research activity including 102 00:02:52,390 --> 00:02:52,400 including 103 00:02:52,400 --> 00:02:54,550 including the construction of a ground icing test 104 00:02:54,550 --> 00:02:54,560 the construction of a ground icing test 105 00:02:54,560 --> 00:02:56,470 the construction of a ground icing test facility or the icing research tunnel 106 00:02:56,470 --> 00:02:56,480 facility or the icing research tunnel 107 00:02:56,480 --> 00:02:59,430 facility or the icing research tunnel was needed to address the wartime icing 108 00:02:59,430 --> 00:02:59,440 was needed to address the wartime icing 109 00:02:59,440 --> 00:03:01,350 was needed to address the wartime icing problems that that the military was 110 00:03:01,350 --> 00:03:01,360 problems that that the military was 111 00:03:01,360 --> 00:03:03,910 problems that that the military was having there was expressed a need for an 112 00:03:03,910 --> 00:03:03,920 having there was expressed a need for an 113 00:03:03,920 --> 00:03:06,550 having there was expressed a need for an icing test facility ground test facility 114 00:03:06,550 --> 00:03:06,560 icing test facility ground test facility 115 00:03:06,560 --> 00:03:08,390 icing test facility ground test facility that would accurately and adequately 116 00:03:08,390 --> 00:03:08,400 that would accurately and adequately 117 00:03:08,400 --> 00:03:11,190 that would accurately and adequately duplicate natural icing conditions 118 00:03:11,190 --> 00:03:11,200 duplicate natural icing conditions 119 00:03:11,200 --> 00:03:13,750 duplicate natural icing conditions and you need to generate a cloud in that 120 00:03:13,750 --> 00:03:13,760 and you need to generate a cloud in that 121 00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:16,630 and you need to generate a cloud in that tunnel an icing cloud that simulates the 122 00:03:16,630 --> 00:03:16,640 tunnel an icing cloud that simulates the 123 00:03:16,640 --> 00:03:18,869 tunnel an icing cloud that simulates the right amount of liquid water content and 124 00:03:18,869 --> 00:03:18,879 right amount of liquid water content and 125 00:03:18,879 --> 00:03:21,110 right amount of liquid water content and droplet size distribution to be typical 126 00:03:21,110 --> 00:03:21,120 droplet size distribution to be typical 127 00:03:21,120 --> 00:03:23,270 droplet size distribution to be typical of those you might find in natural icing 128 00:03:23,270 --> 00:03:23,280 of those you might find in natural icing 129 00:03:23,280 --> 00:03:24,790 of those you might find in natural icing as well as you need to control the 130 00:03:24,790 --> 00:03:24,800 as well as you need to control the 131 00:03:24,800 --> 00:03:27,190 as well as you need to control the temperature of the airflow in the tunnel 132 00:03:27,190 --> 00:03:27,200 temperature of the airflow in the tunnel 133 00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:28,710 temperature of the airflow in the tunnel so again that you would be able to 134 00:03:28,710 --> 00:03:28,720 so again that you would be able to 135 00:03:28,720 --> 00:03:30,789 so again that you would be able to simulate accurate conditions that you 136 00:03:30,789 --> 00:03:30,799 simulate accurate conditions that you 137 00:03:30,799 --> 00:03:33,110 simulate accurate conditions that you would expect to see in flight it is not 138 00:03:33,110 --> 00:03:33,120 would expect to see in flight it is not 139 00:03:33,120 --> 00:03:35,110 would expect to see in flight it is not the weight of the ice on the various 140 00:03:35,110 --> 00:03:35,120 the weight of the ice on the various 141 00:03:35,120 --> 00:03:37,030 the weight of the ice on the various parts of the aircraft that causes the 142 00:03:37,030 --> 00:03:37,040 parts of the aircraft that causes the 143 00:03:37,040 --> 00:03:38,070 parts of the aircraft that causes the problem 144 00:03:38,070 --> 00:03:38,080 problem 145 00:03:38,080 --> 00:03:40,949 problem but the altered aerodynamics that change 146 00:03:40,949 --> 00:03:40,959 but the altered aerodynamics that change 147 00:03:40,959 --> 00:03:43,750 but the altered aerodynamics that change the performance stability and control 148 00:03:43,750 --> 00:03:43,760 the performance stability and control 149 00:03:43,760 --> 00:03:46,550 the performance stability and control characteristics of the airplane 150 00:03:46,550 --> 00:03:46,560 characteristics of the airplane 151 00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:49,030 characteristics of the airplane the ice forms may be small but they do 152 00:03:49,030 --> 00:03:49,040 the ice forms may be small but they do 153 00:03:49,040 --> 00:03:50,789 the ice forms may be small but they do have a significant effect on the 154 00:03:50,789 --> 00:03:50,799 have a significant effect on the 155 00:03:50,799 --> 00:03:53,350 have a significant effect on the airplane and its actions when ice 156 00:03:53,350 --> 00:03:53,360 airplane and its actions when ice 157 00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:56,470 airplane and its actions when ice secretes or grows on the surfaces of the 158 00:03:56,470 --> 00:03:56,480 secretes or grows on the surfaces of the 159 00:03:56,480 --> 00:04:00,070 secretes or grows on the surfaces of the airplane wings tails fuselage whatever 160 00:04:00,070 --> 00:04:00,080 airplane wings tails fuselage whatever 161 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:00,949 airplane wings tails fuselage whatever the 162 00:04:00,949 --> 00:04:00,959 the 163 00:04:00,959 --> 00:04:03,110 the result is a change or degradation the 164 00:04:03,110 --> 00:04:03,120 result is a change or degradation the 165 00:04:03,120 --> 00:04:05,429 result is a change or degradation the performance of the airplane as well as a 166 00:04:05,429 --> 00:04:05,439 performance of the airplane as well as a 167 00:04:05,439 --> 00:04:07,190 performance of the airplane as well as a degradation and the stability and 168 00:04:07,190 --> 00:04:07,200 degradation and the stability and 169 00:04:07,200 --> 00:04:09,270 degradation and the stability and control of the airplane if the ice 170 00:04:09,270 --> 00:04:09,280 control of the airplane if the ice 171 00:04:09,280 --> 00:04:11,190 control of the airplane if the ice shapes or ice secretions as we call them 172 00:04:11,190 --> 00:04:11,200 shapes or ice secretions as we call them 173 00:04:11,200 --> 00:04:12,830 shapes or ice secretions as we call them become severe enough 174 00:04:12,830 --> 00:04:12,840 become severe enough 175 00:04:12,840 --> 00:04:14,789 become severe enough the stability and control of the 176 00:04:14,789 --> 00:04:14,799 the stability and control of the 177 00:04:14,799 --> 00:04:17,830 the stability and control of the aircraft can be completely lost and your 178 00:04:17,830 --> 00:04:17,840 aircraft can be completely lost and your 179 00:04:17,840 --> 00:04:19,830 aircraft can be completely lost and your craft cannot be controlled 180 00:04:19,830 --> 00:04:19,840 craft cannot be controlled 181 00:04:19,840 --> 00:04:22,790 craft cannot be controlled the irt is similar to other subsonic 182 00:04:22,790 --> 00:04:22,800 the irt is similar to other subsonic 183 00:04:22,800 --> 00:04:25,590 the irt is similar to other subsonic wind tunnels in that a wing or other 184 00:04:25,590 --> 00:04:25,600 wind tunnels in that a wing or other 185 00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:28,070 wind tunnels in that a wing or other aircraft component when placed in the 186 00:04:28,070 --> 00:04:28,080 aircraft component when placed in the 187 00:04:28,080 --> 00:04:30,870 aircraft component when placed in the test section may be subjected to various 188 00:04:30,870 --> 00:04:30,880 test section may be subjected to various 189 00:04:30,880 --> 00:04:32,310 test section may be subjected to various air speeds 190 00:04:32,310 --> 00:04:32,320 air speeds 191 00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:34,390 air speeds the airflow being created by a motor 192 00:04:34,390 --> 00:04:34,400 the airflow being created by a motor 193 00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:36,310 the airflow being created by a motor driven fan 194 00:04:36,310 --> 00:04:36,320 driven fan 195 00:04:36,320 --> 00:04:38,710 driven fan the irt has several unique features to 196 00:04:38,710 --> 00:04:38,720 the irt has several unique features to 197 00:04:38,720 --> 00:04:41,270 the irt has several unique features to simulate icing conditions a heat 198 00:04:41,270 --> 00:04:41,280 simulate icing conditions a heat 199 00:04:41,280 --> 00:04:43,830 simulate icing conditions a heat exchanger and a refrigeration plant to 200 00:04:43,830 --> 00:04:43,840 exchanger and a refrigeration plant to 201 00:04:43,840 --> 00:04:46,230 exchanger and a refrigeration plant to achieve the desired temperature and a 202 00:04:46,230 --> 00:04:46,240 achieve the desired temperature and a 203 00:04:46,240 --> 00:04:48,469 achieve the desired temperature and a unique spray system to generate a cloud 204 00:04:48,469 --> 00:04:48,479 unique spray system to generate a cloud 205 00:04:48,479 --> 00:04:50,870 unique spray system to generate a cloud of microscopic droplets of unfrozen 206 00:04:50,870 --> 00:04:50,880 of microscopic droplets of unfrozen 207 00:04:50,880 --> 00:04:52,230 of microscopic droplets of unfrozen water 208 00:04:52,230 --> 00:04:52,240 water 209 00:04:52,240 --> 00:04:54,150 water this makes the irt capable of 210 00:04:54,150 --> 00:04:54,160 this makes the irt capable of 211 00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:56,710 this makes the irt capable of duplicating the icing conditions that an 212 00:04:56,710 --> 00:04:56,720 duplicating the icing conditions that an 213 00:04:56,720 --> 00:04:59,430 duplicating the icing conditions that an aircraft might encounter 214 00:04:59,430 --> 00:04:59,440 aircraft might encounter 215 00:04:59,440 --> 00:05:02,550 aircraft might encounter all aircraft whatever their size can be 216 00:05:02,550 --> 00:05:02,560 all aircraft whatever their size can be 217 00:05:02,560 --> 00:05:05,030 all aircraft whatever their size can be susceptible to icing 218 00:05:05,030 --> 00:05:05,040 susceptible to icing 219 00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:07,189 susceptible to icing general aviation aircraft can be more 220 00:05:07,189 --> 00:05:07,199 general aviation aircraft can be more 221 00:05:07,199 --> 00:05:09,670 general aviation aircraft can be more susceptible to icing because they have 222 00:05:09,670 --> 00:05:09,680 susceptible to icing because they have 223 00:05:09,680 --> 00:05:11,749 susceptible to icing because they have smaller wing sections 224 00:05:11,749 --> 00:05:11,759 smaller wing sections 225 00:05:11,759 --> 00:05:14,150 smaller wing sections smaller wing sections tend to accrete 226 00:05:14,150 --> 00:05:14,160 smaller wing sections tend to accrete 227 00:05:14,160 --> 00:05:16,550 smaller wing sections tend to accrete ice at a faster rate than larger wing 228 00:05:16,550 --> 00:05:16,560 ice at a faster rate than larger wing 229 00:05:16,560 --> 00:05:18,230 ice at a faster rate than larger wing sections 230 00:05:18,230 --> 00:05:18,240 sections 231 00:05:18,240 --> 00:05:20,950 sections helicopters also have icing problems 232 00:05:20,950 --> 00:05:20,960 helicopters also have icing problems 233 00:05:20,960 --> 00:05:23,670 helicopters also have icing problems because helicopter rotors are small and 234 00:05:23,670 --> 00:05:23,680 because helicopter rotors are small and 235 00:05:23,680 --> 00:05:25,990 because helicopter rotors are small and are spinning at high speeds 236 00:05:25,990 --> 00:05:26,000 are spinning at high speeds 237 00:05:26,000 --> 00:05:27,909 are spinning at high speeds they therefore tend to build up ice 238 00:05:27,909 --> 00:05:27,919 they therefore tend to build up ice 239 00:05:27,919 --> 00:05:30,469 they therefore tend to build up ice quickly and it does not take long before 240 00:05:30,469 --> 00:05:30,479 quickly and it does not take long before 241 00:05:30,479 --> 00:05:33,029 quickly and it does not take long before you get some severe icing conditions on 242 00:05:33,029 --> 00:05:33,039 you get some severe icing conditions on 243 00:05:33,039 --> 00:05:35,670 you get some severe icing conditions on the helicopter rotor 244 00:05:35,670 --> 00:05:35,680 the helicopter rotor 245 00:05:35,680 --> 00:05:37,830 the helicopter rotor now dr shaw will tell us about 246 00:05:37,830 --> 00:05:37,840 now dr shaw will tell us about 247 00:05:37,840 --> 00:05:39,270 now dr shaw will tell us about anti-icing 248 00:05:39,270 --> 00:05:39,280 anti-icing 249 00:05:39,280 --> 00:05:41,510 anti-icing anti-icing simply means that you are 250 00:05:41,510 --> 00:05:41,520 anti-icing simply means that you are 251 00:05:41,520 --> 00:05:43,830 anti-icing simply means that you are using some technique which prevents the 252 00:05:43,830 --> 00:05:43,840 using some technique which prevents the 253 00:05:43,840 --> 00:05:45,590 using some technique which prevents the buildup of ice that is when the water 254 00:05:45,590 --> 00:05:45,600 buildup of ice that is when the water 255 00:05:45,600 --> 00:05:47,430 buildup of ice that is when the water droplets hit the surface and 256 00:05:47,430 --> 00:05:47,440 droplets hit the surface and 257 00:05:47,440 --> 00:05:49,270 droplets hit the surface and of the airplane of course they're in the 258 00:05:49,270 --> 00:05:49,280 of the airplane of course they're in the 259 00:05:49,280 --> 00:05:50,790 of the airplane of course they're in the liquid state and they remain in the 260 00:05:50,790 --> 00:05:50,800 liquid state and they remain in the 261 00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:53,909 liquid state and they remain in the liquid state de-icing means that you 262 00:05:53,909 --> 00:05:53,919 liquid state de-icing means that you 263 00:05:53,919 --> 00:05:55,830 liquid state de-icing means that you allow the ice to grow that is you form 264 00:05:55,830 --> 00:05:55,840 allow the ice to grow that is you form 265 00:05:55,840 --> 00:05:57,830 allow the ice to grow that is you form an ice accretion or an ice growth and 266 00:05:57,830 --> 00:05:57,840 an ice accretion or an ice growth and 267 00:05:57,840 --> 00:06:00,310 an ice accretion or an ice growth and then you get rid of or de-ice 268 00:06:00,310 --> 00:06:00,320 then you get rid of or de-ice 269 00:06:00,320 --> 00:06:02,710 then you get rid of or de-ice that ice accretion before it it reaches 270 00:06:02,710 --> 00:06:02,720 that ice accretion before it it reaches 271 00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:05,510 that ice accretion before it it reaches a size that can significantly impact the 272 00:06:05,510 --> 00:06:05,520 a size that can significantly impact the 273 00:06:05,520 --> 00:06:07,350 a size that can significantly impact the aerodynamic performance and stability 274 00:06:07,350 --> 00:06:07,360 aerodynamic performance and stability 275 00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:09,749 aerodynamic performance and stability and control performance of that airplane 276 00:06:09,749 --> 00:06:09,759 and control performance of that airplane 277 00:06:09,759 --> 00:06:12,550 and control performance of that airplane in the 1970s the aircraft industry 278 00:06:12,550 --> 00:06:12,560 in the 1970s the aircraft industry 279 00:06:12,560 --> 00:06:14,790 in the 1970s the aircraft industry realized that there was a need for 280 00:06:14,790 --> 00:06:14,800 realized that there was a need for 281 00:06:14,800 --> 00:06:17,590 realized that there was a need for additional icing technology 282 00:06:17,590 --> 00:06:17,600 additional icing technology 283 00:06:17,600 --> 00:06:21,270 additional icing technology and nasa reinstituted an icing research 284 00:06:21,270 --> 00:06:21,280 and nasa reinstituted an icing research 285 00:06:21,280 --> 00:06:24,230 and nasa reinstituted an icing research program to meet the new icing technology 286 00:06:24,230 --> 00:06:24,240 program to meet the new icing technology 287 00:06:24,240 --> 00:06:26,710 program to meet the new icing technology needs which occur as a result of the 288 00:06:26,710 --> 00:06:26,720 needs which occur as a result of the 289 00:06:26,720 --> 00:06:29,990 needs which occur as a result of the ever-changing aircraft design problems 290 00:06:29,990 --> 00:06:30,000 ever-changing aircraft design problems 291 00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:33,510 ever-changing aircraft design problems from basically 1950 through 1957 when 292 00:06:33,510 --> 00:06:33,520 from basically 1950 through 1957 when 293 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:36,550 from basically 1950 through 1957 when the knack or nasa program was concluded 294 00:06:36,550 --> 00:06:36,560 the knack or nasa program was concluded 295 00:06:36,560 --> 00:06:39,110 the knack or nasa program was concluded a tremendous icing technology database 296 00:06:39,110 --> 00:06:39,120 a tremendous icing technology database 297 00:06:39,120 --> 00:06:41,350 a tremendous icing technology database was developed and the technology being 298 00:06:41,350 --> 00:06:41,360 was developed and the technology being 299 00:06:41,360 --> 00:06:42,710 was developed and the technology being used today 300 00:06:42,710 --> 00:06:42,720 used today 301 00:06:42,720 --> 00:06:44,870 used today on today's aircraft came from largely 302 00:06:44,870 --> 00:06:44,880 on today's aircraft came from largely 303 00:06:44,880 --> 00:06:47,350 on today's aircraft came from largely from that program examples of that would 304 00:06:47,350 --> 00:06:47,360 from that program examples of that would 305 00:06:47,360 --> 00:06:50,230 from that program examples of that would be the hot gas anti-icing system that is 306 00:06:50,230 --> 00:06:50,240 be the hot gas anti-icing system that is 307 00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:52,950 be the hot gas anti-icing system that is used by all transports today for ice 308 00:06:52,950 --> 00:06:52,960 used by all transports today for ice 309 00:06:52,960 --> 00:06:54,309 used by all transports today for ice protection 310 00:06:54,309 --> 00:06:54,319 protection 311 00:06:54,319 --> 00:06:56,710 protection today about 90 percent of the smaller 312 00:06:56,710 --> 00:06:56,720 today about 90 percent of the smaller 313 00:06:56,720 --> 00:06:59,510 today about 90 percent of the smaller general aviation aircraft certified for 314 00:06:59,510 --> 00:06:59,520 general aviation aircraft certified for 315 00:06:59,520 --> 00:07:02,710 general aviation aircraft certified for flight into forecast icing conditions 316 00:07:02,710 --> 00:07:02,720 flight into forecast icing conditions 317 00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:05,350 flight into forecast icing conditions are using the pneumatic boot system for 318 00:07:05,350 --> 00:07:05,360 are using the pneumatic boot system for 319 00:07:05,360 --> 00:07:06,950 are using the pneumatic boot system for de-icing 320 00:07:06,950 --> 00:07:06,960 de-icing 321 00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:09,589 de-icing it was developed in the 1930s by the bf 322 00:07:09,589 --> 00:07:09,599 it was developed in the 1930s by the bf 323 00:07:09,599 --> 00:07:11,350 it was developed in the 1930s by the bf goodrich company 324 00:07:11,350 --> 00:07:11,360 goodrich company 325 00:07:11,360 --> 00:07:13,510 goodrich company the pneumatic boot is a rubber boot 326 00:07:13,510 --> 00:07:13,520 the pneumatic boot is a rubber boot 327 00:07:13,520 --> 00:07:15,510 the pneumatic boot is a rubber boot placed over the leading edge of the wing 328 00:07:15,510 --> 00:07:15,520 placed over the leading edge of the wing 329 00:07:15,520 --> 00:07:16,950 placed over the leading edge of the wing or tail 330 00:07:16,950 --> 00:07:16,960 or tail 331 00:07:16,960 --> 00:07:19,510 or tail when the ice secretes or grows a 332 00:07:19,510 --> 00:07:19,520 when the ice secretes or grows a 333 00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:21,990 when the ice secretes or grows a pneumatic air source is used to inflate 334 00:07:21,990 --> 00:07:22,000 pneumatic air source is used to inflate 335 00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:25,350 pneumatic air source is used to inflate the boot which destroys the ice aircraft 336 00:07:25,350 --> 00:07:25,360 the boot which destroys the ice aircraft 337 00:07:25,360 --> 00:07:28,390 the boot which destroys the ice aircraft surface bond to clean the surface of the 338 00:07:28,390 --> 00:07:28,400 surface bond to clean the surface of the 339 00:07:28,400 --> 00:07:30,230 surface bond to clean the surface of the craft 340 00:07:30,230 --> 00:07:30,240 craft 341 00:07:30,240 --> 00:07:32,710 craft the nasa lewis icing research tunnel was 342 00:07:32,710 --> 00:07:32,720 the nasa lewis icing research tunnel was 343 00:07:32,720 --> 00:07:35,110 the nasa lewis icing research tunnel was named an international historic 344 00:07:35,110 --> 00:07:35,120 named an international historic 345 00:07:35,120 --> 00:07:39,589 named an international historic mechanical engineering landmark in 1987. 346 00:07:39,589 --> 00:07:39,599 mechanical engineering landmark in 1987. 347 00:07:39,599 --> 00:07:41,430 mechanical engineering landmark in 1987. it is the oldest and largest 348 00:07:41,430 --> 00:07:41,440 it is the oldest and largest 349 00:07:41,440 --> 00:07:43,589 it is the oldest and largest refrigerated icing wind tunnel in the 350 00:07:43,589 --> 00:07:43,599 refrigerated icing wind tunnel in the 351 00:07:43,599 --> 00:07:45,589 refrigerated icing wind tunnel in the world 352 00:07:45,589 --> 00:07:45,599 world 353 00:07:45,599 --> 00:07:47,110 world two major achievements of this 354 00:07:47,110 --> 00:07:47,120 two major achievements of this 355 00:07:47,120 --> 00:07:48,790 two major achievements of this installation are the unique heat 356 00:07:48,790 --> 00:07:48,800 installation are the unique heat 357 00:07:48,800 --> 00:07:51,189 installation are the unique heat exchanger and the spray system that 358 00:07:51,189 --> 00:07:51,199 exchanger and the spray system that 359 00:07:51,199 --> 00:07:54,230 exchanger and the spray system that simulates a natural icing cloud of tiny 360 00:07:54,230 --> 00:07:54,240 simulates a natural icing cloud of tiny 361 00:07:54,240 --> 00:07:55,430 simulates a natural icing cloud of tiny droplets 362 00:07:55,430 --> 00:07:55,440 droplets 363 00:07:55,440 --> 00:07:57,670 droplets icing is no longer a major problem for 364 00:07:57,670 --> 00:07:57,680 icing is no longer a major problem for 365 00:07:57,680 --> 00:08:00,230 icing is no longer a major problem for many of today's aircraft because of the 366 00:08:00,230 --> 00:08:00,240 many of today's aircraft because of the 367 00:08:00,240 --> 00:08:02,950 many of today's aircraft because of the ice protection systems technology 368 00:08:02,950 --> 00:08:02,960 ice protection systems technology 369 00:08:02,960 --> 00:08:04,950 ice protection systems technology largely developed in the nasa lewis 370 00:08:04,950 --> 00:08:04,960 largely developed in the nasa lewis 371 00:08:04,960 --> 00:08:08,070 largely developed in the nasa lewis research center icing research tunnel 372 00:08:08,070 --> 00:08:08,080 research center icing research tunnel 373 00:08:08,080 --> 00:08:10,390 research center icing research tunnel as new aircraft are developed and 374 00:08:10,390 --> 00:08:10,400 as new aircraft are developed and 375 00:08:10,400 --> 00:08:13,029 as new aircraft are developed and operating practices are changed the 376 00:08:13,029 --> 00:08:13,039 operating practices are changed the 377 00:08:13,039 --> 00:08:16,390 operating practices are changed the recently modernized irt will continue to 378 00:08:16,390 --> 00:08:16,400 recently modernized irt will continue to 379 00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:17,670 recently modernized irt will continue to lead the way 380 00:08:17,670 --> 00:08:17,680 lead the way 381 00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:20,230 lead the way in solving the icing problems of the 382 00:08:20,230 --> 00:08:20,240 in solving the icing problems of the 383 00:08:20,240 --> 00:08:29,110 in solving the icing problems of the future 384 00:08:29,110 --> 00:08:29,120 385 00:08:29,120 --> 00:08:31,199 you